Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Iran During the 1990s
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The civil war and Taliban rise generated millions of refugees, primarily fleeing to Pakistan and Iran.
Politically, refugee flows influenced bilateral relations, border security, and regional diplomacy. Economically, host countries faced strain on resources, employment, and infrastructure. Socially, refugees created vibrant diasporas, maintained Afghan culture, and often supported resistance movements financially or militarily.
Refugee experiences during this period shaped Afghan identity, political activism, and international humanitarian response.
In conclusion, the 1990s refugee crisis reflected the human cost of conflict and contributed to Afghanistan’s transnational social and political dynamics.
158. Civil War’s Impact on Afghan Education and Culture
The 1990s civil war devastated education, cultural institutions, and heritage sites.
Politically, fragmented governance prevented coordinated education policies. Economically, schools lacked funding, materials, and staff. Socially, children, especially girls, were excluded from education, while cultural activities ceased in war-torn regions. Historical monuments suffered destruction or neglect.
Despite hardships, some communities maintained informal education and cultural preservation efforts, particularly in refugee camps and safer provinces.
In conclusion, civil war severely disrupted education and culture, leaving long-term social consequences for Afghan society.